Types of Personality Disorders

A personality disorder refers to a type of mental health condition characterised by rigid patterns of thinking, behaving, and interacting with others. Individuals with a personality disorder often struggle to comprehend and engage with people and situations, leading to significant challenges in interpersonal relationships, social interactions, work opportunities, and academic endeavours. These disorders typically emerge during adolescence or early adulthood, although some may become less prominent as individuals grow older. It is important to note that there are various types of personality disorders, each with its own distinct features and impact on individuals’ lives.

There are three types of personality disorders :

Cluster A:

Refers to a group of personality disorders characterised by peculiar and eccentric patterns of thinking and behaviour. The three specific disorders within Cluster A are paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. These disorders in Cluster A share common traits related to odd and unconventional behaviour, as well as challenges in interpersonal functioning. However, each disorder has its own unique features and diagnostic criteria.

Paranoid Personality Disorder:

This disorder involves persistent and enduring patterns of thinking and behaviour characterised by distrust, suspicion, hostility, and jealousy towards others. Individuals with this disorder often hold the belief that others have malicious intentions or are actively seeking to harm them. It can also give rise to psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, further influencing their perception of reality.

Schizoid Personality Disorder:

This is characterised by a sense of coldness and detachment in personal relationships, a limited range of emotional expressions, and a preference for a solitary lifestyle. Individuals with this disorder may exhibit constant daydreaming as a way to retreat into their inner world. It is important to note that while daydreaming is a common feature, it differs from the hallucinations and significant detachment from reality seen in schizophrenia. Schizoid personality disorder primarily manifests as a persistent pattern of social and emotional detachment rather than a complete disconnection from reality. 

Schizotypal Personality Disorder:

This is characterised by a pervasive pattern of interpersonal and social impairments. Individuals with this disorder typically have a limited capacity, and sometimes even a lack of desire, for close relationships. They may exhibit eccentric or bizarre behaviour and may be viewed as unusual by others. Suspicion and paranoia towards others are common features of this disorder. People with schizotypal personality disorder often appear stiff and find it challenging to fit in or feel comfortable in various social settings. It is important to seek professional evaluation and diagnosis to determine the most appropriate treatment approach for this disorder.

Cluster B:

Cluster B personality disorder is Characterised by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behaviour. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder,  histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.

Antisocial Personality Disorder:

This individuals with antisocial personality disorder exhibit a disregard for right or wrong and a lack of empathy for others. They often engage in behaviours that conflict with societal norms and may act insensitively, without remorse or emotional attachment. These individuals may display a pattern of deception, aggression, or violence, and may even engage in criminal activities. 

Borderline Personality Disorder:

This is a mental health condition that impacts a person’s mood, relationships, and self-perception. Individuals with this disorder often experience a deep fear of instability or abandonment, making it challenging for them to be alone. Despite desiring meaningful and lasting connections, their excessive anger, impulsivity, and frequent mood swings can push people away. 

Histrionic Personality Disorder:

This is a psychological condition characterised by excessive emotionality and a strong desire for attention. Individuals with this disorder often exhibit shallow emotions and engage in manipulative behaviours to draw attention to themselves. These patterns typically emerge in early adulthood and are consistently displayed across various situations.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder:

It is a persistent pattern of inner experience and behaviour characterised by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, self-centeredness, and a lack of empathy. Individuals with this disorder have a strong desire to be admired and may make excessive demands on others’ time and attention. They often struggle to understand or show consideration for the feelings and needs of others. 

Cluster C:

Cluster C personality disorder is characterised by afraid, anxious thoughts or actions. They include avoidant personality, dependent personality disorder and obsessive compulsive personality disorder. 

Avoidant Personality Disorder:

Individuals with this disorder often have an intense fear of being humiliated, embarrassed, or rejected in social situations. They may avoid social interactions, new experiences, and opportunities for fear of being judged negatively by others. 

They may perceive themselves as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior to others, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. The fear of criticism and rejection can significantly impact their ability to form and maintain relationships, pursue career opportunities, and engage in social activities.

Dependent Personality Disorder:

The individuals with this disorder often have difficulty making decisions and rely heavily on others for guidance and support. They may feel a pervasive sense of helplessness and have a strong desire for someone else to take care of them. 

This disorder is characterised by a pattern of dependent, clinging, and submissive behaviours, where individuals may prioritise the needs and desires of others over their own. 

They may have low self-confidence and fear being abandoned or left alone. Seeking reassurance and approval from others is common, and they may struggle with assertiveness and initiating independent actions.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:

This is characterised by a pervasive pattern of rigid control, perfectionism, and a strong need for orderliness. Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCPD) have a strong desire to be in complete control of their environment and may have difficulty adapting to change or trying new things. 

They often set excessively high standards for themselves and others, striving for perfection in all aspects of life. This preoccupation with perfection and strict adherence to rules and routines can make it challenging for them to form meaningful relationships and engage in flexible, spontaneous activities. 

They may prioritise work and productivity over leisure and recreation, and their attention to detail may lead to excessive time spent on tasks.